

The UK is a surveillance state. I have worked in the HE sector there and participated in mandatory Prevent training. It is a text book mechanism for totalitarian control. It doesn’t surprise me at all that they also track negative attitudes towards their thought control machinery.

The issue is IMO really the underlying casual model. What causes what?
In the first sentence, it sounds as if vaping causes worse mental health. But later it is stated more softly as a statistical association, i.e. not causal, which is really hard to show on real world data.
My hypotheses would be that there is an underlying condition that affects both vaping and mental health, namely social deprivation.
It’s disappointing from a premier scientific publisher, but very, very common mistake when interpreting statistics.